Ticks are important ectoparasites in equids which causes economic losses in animal husbandry of Iran and worldwide. This study was aimed to determine frequency and species diversity of hard ticks in equids in Turkman sahra, Iran. 240 equids were randomly selected and examined from 2018-2019. Ixodid ticks were collected from body surface of examined animals and identified. Of all examined equids, 37.91% horses, and 4.16% donkeys were infested with a total number of 357 ixodid ticks. Tick indices (tick number per animal) were 3.53.  The highest prevalence of hard ticks was found in ≥3 years-old equids in the region. There was significant difference between prevalence and different age groups of infested animals. Of all examined ticks (357), three genera including Hyalomma spp., Rhipicephalus spp. and Dermacentor spp. with four species. i.e. Hyalomma anatolicum (65.26%), H. marginatum (10.64%), Rhipicephalus bursa (22.12%) and Dermacentor marginatus (1.96%) were identified. Ixodid ticks’ infestations occured throughout the year with the highest prevalence in spring. There was significant difference between prevalence of hard ticks and seasons in this study. The results revealed that species diversity and ixodid ticks’ infestations were prevalent in the equids of Turkman sahra, Iran.

Assessing the status of a regional salinity is considered as an important step in land management. This study was performed on part of Turkmen Sahra Lands in Golestan Province with Aridic soil moisture regime, in order to evaluation of salinity changes during the years of 1355, 1368 and 1392. For this purpose, two geostatic methods (ordinary kriging and cokriging) and four algebra methods (Inverse distance weight, Radial basis function, Global polynomial interpolation and local polynomial interpolation) were used for estimating the amount of salinity in depths of 0-50, 100-50 and 150-100 cm. The results showed the percent of land with more salinity than 32 dS/m has increased from 8.95 percent in 1976 to 45.22 percent in 2013. It seems during the 37- year management period, the improper utilization and collection from water and soil resources have led to increase in salinity of the soil. Therefore, so it is suggested to use various methods and appropriate management proceedings to monitor and control the process of increase soil salinity in the region.

Background: This study was conducted to collect informative data on the parasitic infection of wild rodents, emphasizing on finding parasites, which have medical importance to human. Methods: During 2012-2014, a total number of 91 wild rodents were captured from rural areas of Turkmen Sahra, Golestan Province, using handmade traps. Animals were anesthetized, surveyed for any ectoparasite and then their carcasses were carefully dissected for examination of endoparsites. Results: Four species of rodents including Mus musculus (52. 75%), Rattus norvegicus (38. 46%), Rhombomys opimus (4. 40%) and Meriones libycus (4. 40%) were captured. Parasitic infestation was detected in 38. 5% of sampled rodents. Parasite infestation rates of sampled rodents was Hymenolepis diminuta = 7. 7%, Cryptosporidium spp = 6. 6%, Trichuris spp. = 5. 5%, Cysticercus fasciolaris = 2. 20%, Angiostrongylus spp. = 2. 20%, Capillaria sp. = 1. 09%, Rhipicephalus spp. = 8. 70%, Nosopsyllus fasciatus = 1. 09%, and Laelaps nuttalli = 3. 29%. Among 10 genera/species of identified parasites, at least 8 of them were zoonotic with public health importance. L. nuttalli and N. fasciatus were the only two non-zoonotic detected parasites in this survey. Conclusion: Harboring a wide variety of zoonotic parasites in sampled wild rodents particularly when they live nearby villages, represents a potential risk to native inhabitants. Hence, controlling rodents’ population in residential regions and improving awareness of local people about the risk of disease transmission through rodents seems to be entirely necessary.

Introduction Many approaches and strategies have been taken into consideration in order to overcome the development bottlenecks and challenges for employment development in rural areas. Tourism development is one of the programs in the field of tourism resettlement. Creating resorts is a practical way to achieve sustainable tourism development and the key to creating of a fun and meaningful ecotourism experience that in many parts of the world offers unique opportunities for rural development. This section deals with the history, culture and rituals of a country. that This form not only promotes employment, local economy development and sustainable tourism formation in the domestic dimension, but also in the external dimension, such as transferring culture and history, acquainting foreign tourists with ritual customs and advertising at no cost and recognition. Most of the world will follow from that such a country. Some believe that the opening up of resorts can play an important role in diversifying the rural economy within the tourism industry and view it as a means to stimulate national economic growth by overcoming underdeveloped ideas and improve the standard of living of local people. Indeed, the importance of tourism in the economic, social, political and cultural dimensions has encouraged many countries to invest and use all their capacities in this area. What is certain is that outsourcing, as a complementary economic function, flows alongside other manufacturing and service activities at the rural and local level, since all businesses in this world follow a particular form or a form that It describes their lives from beginning to end. On the basis of this life-cycle model, this article seeks to answer these questions: After a decade of operating resorts, especially in the study area, what kind of businesses are this? Are they at a stage in their life cycle? And what is their position in the market? Because it is believed that the life cycle model is a good tool for introducing new businesses to the market, adopting the right policies, understanding of the rate of return on investment and financial investment, it is the right tool to promote product behavior in a particular market. One of the different strategies is related to systematic market changes. Methodology This is a descriptive-analytical article that has been done using library and field methods. In this first step, by analyzing domestic and foreign literature and experiences, the most important criteria and explanations of the life cycle of resorts in economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions were identified in 4 categories (onset, conflict, growth and maturity). The follow-up was evaluated using the opinions of 30 experts (including rural development professors from universities in Golestan province and tourism experts from government departments) and 20 landowners who were purposefully sampled. Finally, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's Significance Difference (HSD) and Levon's test were used to analyze the data in SPSS software. Findings The results showed that the highest average score related to life cycle of resorts in the study area was from experts' point of view about conflict stage with 34. 22% and the lowest rate was related to maturity stage with 11%. In other words, according to experts, this type of business is in the process of conflict. Whereas for the local community, the highest score in the life cycle process of the residences was related to the start stage with 38. 76% and the lowest to the maturity stage with 15. 83%. In fact, to the local community, boomerang resorts are in their early stages. The results of the Tukey test for categorizing homogeneous subsets also show that the two stages of involvement and growth are from the experts' point of view have the highest average. Most percentages are located on an independent floor. This difference is due to differing views of groups on employment, lack of infrastructure, system planning, policy making, raw materials supply, institutional support, sales of technology products and services. In addition, the analysis of the life cycle determinants of the resorts in the Turkmen Saharan region revealed that there is a significant difference between the three stages of starting, engaging and growing these types of businesses from the perspective of the sample community, while this difference is not visible at maturity. Accordingly, the 20 canopy resorts in the study area have considerable distance to reach their maturity stage. Conclusion Resettlement resorts are examples of locally owned small scale businesses that play an important role in environmental, economic, social and cultural reform of rural communities, with less pressure on the natural and human environment. Complementary economic performance flows alongside other manufacturing and service activities at the rural and local levels and can be a tool for economic development in local communities that has become common in rural tourism at the country level in recent decades, thus updating the infrastructure, Communication, Institution, Application of New Technologies, Attention to Development and Research.

Astragalus podolobus is a native species of Turkmen Sahra and is used in rangelands in arid and semi-arid hilly loess soil located in north of Gonbad-e Qabus. For cultivation and establishment of this species, different propagation methods for the experiments had been used in pastures of Dashli Borun. In this study, 4 treatments for propagation and 6 treatments for establishment of this species were considered. For propagation of this plant, 4 treatments, including NAA and IBA hormones, were applied for cuttings and reproduction of plants by seeds. The experiments were conducted as completely randomized design. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that propagation by seed is the most appropriate method for A. podolobus plant. Thirty percent of seedling survived when seeds were used for propagation in plastic pots. In the cultivation and establishment of seedlings in rangeland in March, 91% survival rate was observed and in December, survival rate was recorded as 65%. Growing plants from seedlings cultivated in December showed more vigorous growth than the winter cultivation.

Dear Editor-in-Chief have read with great interest the article by Gholipoury et al., entitled: “ Zoonotic and Non-zoonotic Parasites of Wild Rodents in Turkman Sahra, Northeastern Iran” published in the Iranian Journal of Parasitology (1). Totally, 25. 30% (23/91) of the sampled population were infested with endoparasites which all of them have been introduced as zoonotic parasites. Therefore, more attention should be paid to this item as all endoparasites were zoonotic parasites...

Dear Editor-in-Chief It was a great honor to have comments from Professor Sadjjadi on our published article (1). As it was thoroughly stated in the letter, the aim of the study was to identify the endo/ ecto-parasitic infestation status in the wild captured rodents in Turkman Sahra. So, the authors did not aspire to identify the detected parasite to the species level...

The musical tradition of Turkmen bagshy (bagshychylyk) is the core of Turkmen culture in Turkmen-Sahra (Iran) and Turkmenistan. Since the last decades of the 19th century, this tradition has faced various degrees of transformation due to the Socio-political evolutions. In this paper, we focus on the musical culture in Turkmen-Sahra and explore the changes by juxtaposing its past with its present. Our study is based on several fieldworks in Turkmen-Sahra including hours of interviews with informants from Turkmen-Sahra and Turkmenistan from 2010 to 2015. Moreover, monographs, travelogues, and audio-visual materials are considered as well. To provide a basis for comparison we cast light on the Turkmen-Sahra case according to the concept of musical change. Taking various aspects of musical change into account the Turkmen-Sahra case seems to be a special one mostly through a particular type of acculturation which we refer to as indirect acculturation. While various cultural policies were followed in Turkmenistan since the Russian revolution to manipulate music, in Turkmen-Sahra, by contrast, the musical culture has been almost free from such governmental pressures. It is worth mentioning that the musical change in Turkmen-Sahra is not the result of the bagshys’ individual preferences and the changes in Turkmenistan play a major role here. In this process, the change does not occur simply by borrowing and modifying what bagshy receives from the other side of the border, but a complicated set of divergent and convergent responses should be considered in analyzing the process of musical change. The above-mentioned responses become significant in the duality of professional and non-professional bagshy. Non-professionals belong to the new social class of educated Turkmens emerged in the 1940s following the social changes in Turkmen-Sahra caused by the settlement of nomad Turkmens. They adopt a distinct approach to Turkmen musical tradition as a problem of identity, while the professionals consider it just a profession. Despite the professionals' tendency to maintain continuity and the non-professionals keen interest in change as the prevailing aspects of musical change in Turkmen-Sahra, the two group adopt either convergent or divergent responses depending on the situations. We study the duality of responses within the parameters of education, drawing distinctions with Turkmenistan, utilizing new musical instruments, individual/group performances, and reterritorialization. In conclusion, the musical change in Turkmen-Sahra grounded in the processes of imitation and adaptation while the continuity is based on rejecting the musical products of Turkmenistan. This demonstrates how the musical change in Turkmen-Sahra is defined as indirect acculturation rather than a model in which the changes in Turkmenistan are imported and accepted by bagshys of Turkmen-Sahra in a passive manner.

This article is about Shiraz Style of Turkman painting School that assembled in the milieus of royal courts of PirBudaq AqQuyunlu and Sultan Khalil QaraQuyunln. Shiraz remained an important center of Book Arts during the Turkman dominion. The transition from the Timurids to the Turkman governors was relatively peaceful. Despite basic similarities of form and intention, Shiraz Style was conceptualized in widely different ways. Over time the aesthetic conception of Shiraz Style underwent a dramatic change under Turkman governors. Although Shiraz Style of Turkman painting school preserve works of art that are often at some remove from normative Persianate visual culture (normativity defined through the Arts of the book and painting), the importance of Shiraz Style is not only its salvage of unique materials. The Shiraz Style opens a window onto a landscape thought about the history, artists and media of the Persianate art tradition. Because the accumulated processes of Shiraz Style constitute nothing less than an articulation of the principles of art aesthetics, it presents an opportunity to study such ideas from inside the artistic culture of Persian painting. After death of Baysunghur and his father Shahrukh, many artists and practitioners sought patronage at other courts or Iran, in Shiraz, Isfahan, and Tabriz, where they found willing patrons (among them PirBudaq in Shiraz and Yaqub Bey in Tabriz). The Timurid workshop’ s achievements were probably acquired by one Turkman confederation at a time when the city of Herat was captured, such as the occupation of Jahanshah in862 H.; period of occupation might also for the mechanism by which other productions and artists of Herat found way from Herat to center and western Iran, particularly Shiraz. For example, Shaikh Mahmud Heravi began his artistic life in Yimurid Herat and then came into Pir Budaq court, after the Qara Quyunlu occupied Herat in 862H.; the core group of materials in Turkman court comes from eastern Iran (Herat), but it is combined with large quantities of paintings, drawings, and calligraphers made by practitioners under Turkmans. Materials produced at Shiraz under Tuarkman dominion are identifiable through the honorifics appended to calligrapher’ s signatures. Pir Budaq must have found the workshops Shiraz painting school functioning, because the Shiraz style of Timurid era continued to be in the manuscripts of the860 and 863H.; these two manuscripts produced for Pir Budaq. Each has a medallion (Shamsa) on its opening folio with inscriptions indicating that it was produced for Pir Budaq library (Kitabkhana). The first is copy of divan of Katibi, copied by Abd al Rahman Khawarazmi, dated 860H., and the second copy of the divan of Qasim copied by Shaikh Mahmud Pir Budaqi, dated 863H. Both have binding and illumination of the highest quality without any illustration. Since Sultan Khalil Aq Quyunlu was then governor of Shiraz, the Shiraz Style must have been completed, suggesting that Sutan Khalil had taken over Pir Budaq library (Kitabkhana) in Shiraz.

The Turkmen Sanjim is one of the original Turkmen folk arts that Turkmen girls and women are very fond of sewing different designs with different colors on their clothes and other decorations. But little research has been done on it and very few written sources. Studying and understanding Turkmen motifs and their origin, concepts and applications will provide a new window for disseminating the past thoughts of the Turkmen Turkmen people. This descriptive study, conducted using library and field studies in the area, attempts to study the types of motifs used in Turkmen Sanjim art and then to identify the concepts of motifs used in it. The results of studies of more than 100 pieces of work and clothing with different motifs show that the shape, color and type of role can be distinguished in different groups such as nature, animals and beliefs, tools and war equipment. Some forms of these motifs originated from the beliefs and beliefs of the ancestors of the Turkmens, and others were consistent with elements in the surrounding objects, creatures and nature.Goals:1-. Understanding and embracing Turkmen embroidered Sanjim motifs and searching for concepts of applied motifs in sanjim.2 - Studying the motifs and cultural artistic structure of the Turkmens needlework according to the extent and variety.Questions:1- What is the origin of the Turkmen Sanjim motifs?2- What are the motifs used by Turkmen Sanjim?